Why Does Coffee Taste So Bitter To Some People? New Study Reveals The Answer

Research suggests that genetics may influence how people perceive the taste of coffee, specifically whether it tastes bitter or not. A study by the Technical University of Munich identified new bitter compounds in roasted Arabica coffee and examined their impact on taste. The study also found that an individual's genetic makeup plays a role in determining the bitterness of these compounds. The results were published in the journal Food Chemistry. Beans from the 'Coffea Arabica' plant are roasted to develop a flavour before being ground and brewed for a beverage. While caffeine has been known to be bitter-tasting for a long time, even de-caffeinated coffee tastes bitter, possibly suggesting that there are other substances contributing to the bitter taste of roasted coffee, the researchers said.
'Mozambioside' is one such substance in Arabica beans, known to taste about 10 times more bitter than caffeine and activate two of the roughly 25 bitter taste receptors in the human body -- namely, the 'TAS2R43' and 'TAS2R46' receptors. However, we found that mozambioside levels significantly drop during roasting, and therefore, the substance "only makes a small contribution to the bitterness of coffee", according to lead researcher Roman Lang. "This prompted us to test whether roasting produces breakdown products of mozambioside are also bitter and could affect coffee's taste," Lang said.
The team showed that mozambioside degrades into seven different products during roasting, which are found in varying amounts in roasted coffee, depending on roasting temperature and duration. Through experiments on cells, the seven products were found to activate the same bitter taste receptors as mozambioside. Three of the roasting products even had a stronger effect on the receptors, compared to the original mozambioside, the researchers said. However, they also found that the concentrations of these roasting products measured in brewed coffee were too low to induce a noticeable taste on their own. Only a combination of mozambioside and its roasting products in a sample led eight out of eleven participants to perceive a bitter taste, the team said.
Further, a genetic test showed that taste sensitivity depended on the genetic inclination of the participants -- two had both copies of the TAS2R43 gene variant defective, seven had one intact and one defective variant of the gene, while only two people had both copies of the gene intact. "The new findings deepen our understanding of how the roasting process influences the flavour of coffee and open up new possibilities for developing coffee varieties with coordinated flavour profiles. 
Lang noted that the discovery is a significant step forward in both flavour and health research. "Bitter substances and their receptors have further physiological functions in the body, most of which are still unknown," Lang said. Despite millions of people drinking coffee daily, Lang emphasized that much work remains, as the bitter taste receptors activated by many coffee compounds are still unidentified.

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